Under which condition can a police officer make an arrest?

A police officer can make an arrest if a driver refuses to take a breath test. In New Zealand, under the Land Transport Act, refusing a breath or blood test when requested by a police officer is an offense that can lead to immediate consequences, including arrest. This law is in place because breath tests are critical for ensuring that individuals on the road are not driving under the influence of alcohol. When someone refuses this test, it raises suspicions that the person may indeed be impaired, which justifies the officer's need to take action to maintain road safety.

The other conditions listed do not necessarily lead to arrest. Paying a fine on the spot does not constitute a reason for arrest; it's a means of resolving a lesser offense. Driving under the speed limit is not a basis for arrest, as it is legal behavior. While being involved in a crash may attract police attention, it does not automatically lead to an arrest unless other unlawful circumstances exist (such as driving under the influence or being at fault for a serious violation).